Straight Line Motion
The Straight Line Motion is the chapter of Physics that Cover the basic idea of Motion that contain complete syllabus of class 9th with basic examples of numerical.
when the body changes it’s position with respect to reference point and time than body is said to be in motion.
Motion can be of different type depends upon the path adopted
i) Circulatory Motion which have a circular path
ii) Linear motion when body moves in straight line
iii) Oscillatory/ vibratory motion when a body moves in to and froth path.
PHYSICAL QUANTITY :
There are seven basic physical quantities ie length, time, mass, temperature , amount of substance , electric current and luminous intensity they have both magnitude and unit. but
Physical Quantity are classified in two groups
a) Scalar quantity the physical quantity having only magnitude such as length, mass, time .
b) vector quantity is that physical quantity which have both magnitude and direction such as displacement , velocity , force weight
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT :
Distance is the length of path travelled by the body whereas displacement is the shortest distance between initial and final position of the body
( examples taken from support material NCT )
UNIFOM MOTION :
When a body travels equal distance in equal interval of time.
Example movement of hands of the clock .or a person travel 2 meter in first second, again 2 meters in next second and so on .
NON UNIFORM MOTION :
When a body travels unequal distance in equal intervals of time
Example first a person walks 3 meters than in second he walks 4 meters than in third second he travels 2 meters
SPEED :
The distance travelled by body in unit time is called speed.
It is scalar quantity unit SI meter/ second or Km/ hr
Speed = distance/ time.
If body is moving in uniform motion than the speed is constant but in non uniform motion the speed is not same
Average speed can be calculated as Total distance travelled in journey divided by total time taken in journey.
Average Speed = Total Distance Travelled / Total time taken
Example :
What will be the speed of the body in m/s and km/hr if body travel 60 kms in 6hrs
speed = distance /time
=60/6= 10 km/hr
for m/s (multiply km/hr by 5/18 = speed in m/s)
10×5/18= 50/18 = 25/9 m/sec
VELOCITY :
The speed of the moving body in given specific direction is called velocity . It is a vector quantity Its value changes either magnitude or direction changes.
SI unit meter/ second.
AVERAGE VELOCITY:
It is the mean value of initial velocity (u) and final velocity (v)
Average velocity = (u + v) ÷2
Example :
During first half of a journey a body travels with the speed of 40 km in one hour and next hour it travels 20km than the average speed is
40+ 20 =60 km/hr Total time = 2hrs
Average Speed = Total Distance÷ Total Time
Average Speed = 60/2= 3o km/hr
Example if a car travels 20km in first hour 60 km in second hour and 40 km in the third hour than
average speed =( 20+60+40) ÷ 3= 120 km /3 = 40 km/hr
ACCELERATION :
It is the rate of change of velocity is called acceleration .
Acceleration = (Final velocity – initial velocity)÷ Time
In this case v>u
a= (v-u) / t
SI unit: meter/ second²
RETARDATION/ DEACCELERATION :
The rate of decrease in velocity is called deacceleration that is change in velocity -:- time it is also called negative velocity .
SI unit meter/ sec² In this case u>v
Examples :
a) A car is travelling with the speed of 40 km/hr increases to 70 km/hr in 5 sec than acceleration of car
change in speed = 70-40 = 30 km/hr
change in speed in m/s = 30 x5/18 = 5×5/3= 25/3
acceleration = change in speed÷ Time
25/3÷5 = 5/3 meter/ sec²
Example
If a car is moving with the speed of 20 km/hr comes to rest in .5 hr than the retardation is = 0-20 = -20 km/hr
now time taken ‘5 hr
deacceleration = change in speed ÷ Time
= -20 ÷ .5 = 40 km/hr²
At constant velocity acceleration is Zero
Velocity increases create the accelerate a=( v2- v1) ÷ (t2-t1)
ii) Body A has more velocity as slope is more
This graph represent deacceleration
EQUATION OF MOTION :
Let us suppose a body starts moving with the velocity u at A after time of t seconds it’s velocity becomes v at B .
Now by graph change in velocity is BC -DC = BD
Change in velocity = v-u
Time taken = OC = t
Acceleration = change in velocity / Time
a = (V-U)/t
at = V-U
V= U+ at
first equation of motion v= u +at
For the Second Equation of Motion:
Total distance travelled (S)
Since Average velocity =( Initial velocity + Final velocity )/2
Total distance travelled = average velocity x time
= to aera of the given figure OABDCO
which is trapezium whose aera = 1/2x( sum of parallel sides ) height ==> sum of parallel sides = OA+BC =(u+v )
height=OC= t
S= 1/2 x (v+u ) t ====> put the value of v=u+at
S= 1/2x(u+at+ u)
S= 1/2 (2u + at)t
S= ut + 1/2 at² (second equation of motion )
For 3rd Equation of Motion
Distance travelled= area of given figure OABDCO
S= (V+U) t/2
put the value of t from equation first v= u+ at
t=( v-u)/a
S = (v+ u) (v-u)/2a ²
2aS = (v+u) (v-u) ²
2aS = V² -U²
U²+ 2aS = V²
V²= U² + 2aS ( third equation of motion )
Example
a) A car starting from rest moves with uniform speed with acceleration of 0.2 m/s² for 4 minutes than the speed
(1st equation )
v= u + at
v=? u=0 t = 4×60 = 240 sec
than V=0+0.2×240 = 48 m/s and
distance travelled S = ut+ 1/2at² =
0x240 + 1/2 x0.2x240x 240 =
= 4840 meters.
b)When is applied to car it produces deacceleration of 6m/s² opposite to the direction of motion if it stops in 2 sec
than the distance travelled will be S= ut + 1/2 at²
first we have to find u =? as body stops therefore v=0
V= U- at
0 = U – 6×2 ==> u= 12
now in the second equation s=12×2 – 1/2x6x2x2
=24-12 = 12 meter
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION:
If the bodyis moving in circular path with uniform speed it’s motion is called uniform circular motion.
In such kind of motion speed reamain same but direction changes every moment so it produce an acceleration during the circular motion velocity =2ΠR
Conclusion :Motion in Straight Line
Motion in Straight line is also called rectilinear motion which helps us to understand how object moves along a straight path in this we have learn about of uniform motion, distance and displacement, speed and velocity along acceleration along with equation of Motion.
Follow Us on : Facebook
Read More : Force and Laws of Motion
Read More: Gravitation