International Organisations

International Organisations consist of  chapter of class 12th of Political Science CBSE cover the complete syllabus with the short points to remember

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International Organisations

POINTS TO REMEMBER FOR EXAMS

International Organisations :Meaning and Importance

1. International organisations are not the super state, they cannot have any authority over it’s member
2. International Organisations are created by and responded to states. It only come into existence when states are agreed for the creation with the aim of resolving their problems peacefully.
3. There are some critical issues which are challenging they can only be dealt when everyone works together peacefully , such Global Warming which can be eradicated when all the countries work together with the same aim.
4. Some Critical problems as ” The rise in temperature due to green house gases increasing on the earth” this is threat to rise in sea level, submerging of many Coastal aeras of the world .
5. The most Effective method is to stop the  Global Warming which is only possible when all industrial power Co-operate in this cause.
6. International Organisations can help to produce the Information and idea how to take proper steps to fight with this problem

7. International Organisations : Evolution of Unite Nations

   1.

8. International Organisastions of great importance is United Nations   established on 24th October 1945 after the world War II as League of nation failed to fulfill it’s aim .

51 states signed the UN Charter with the aim to enhance the Co- operation and make better living conditions for all.

Objective Of UN : 

1 . It prevent international conflicts and to facilitate Co – operation among states , It helps to curb the situation of war between states.

2, It helps to bring countries together  to develop the prospects of social and economic development  as well as to promote respect for human rights ,dignity and freedom .

Member Of UN :  

1.Total Member 193  States last member South Sudan 2011 all independent  states with one vote in the General Assembly in UN.

2.The UN Security Council has 5 permanent members Russia, the UK, France, China and US. the are chosen the permanent member  they emerged the powerful countries after the world War II.

Reform of the UN After the Cold War:

a)Reform of Structures and Processes: The main  process was the functioning of the security Council, There are proposals to increase the membership from Asia , South Africa and South America . The US and other western Countries want improvements in the UN budgetary procedures and it’s administration .

b)Reform of a Review of the subjects that falls under it’s Jurisdiction : There was difference on the issues to be given grater priority within the jurisdiction of the UN .

Some Countries and Experts wanted the International Organisations  to play an effective role in peace and security.

Some other members wanted  to confined to development and humanitarian works such as health ,education environment ,population control etc.

Reforms of Functional Process of UN:

a)  The complaints were noticed in UN working that i) Contemporary  Political Realities were  not represented by Security Council  ii) As it was dominated by few powers of west so in all kinds of decisions western interest and value was reflected iii) Equitable representation was absent

b) By these defects in UN  the demand was raised about these complaints the resolution was adopted 1992 by the General Security Council for the reforms in the Security Council.

c) On 1st January 1997 the General Secertary of UN KOFI ANNAN   started taking the steps for reformation in the working UN

d) He  Set up the Criteria for New Members i) It should bee major both Economic and Military power ii) Must be Substantial  Contributor to UN Budget iii) A big nation in terms of population but must respect Democracy and Human Rights iv)  A Country that make the council more representative of the world diversity in terms of geography, economy and culture

Jurisdiction of UN

In September 2005 all the heads of the member States collected to celebrate the anniversary of UN to review the situation  and decided to take some steps to make UN more relevant so the recommendations were made a) Creation of Peace building Commision b) If the nation government fails to protect the citizens of their country than it has to accept the responsibility of International Organisations. c)Establish Human Right Council d) Agreement to achieve the Millennium Development Goals e)No Terrorism acceptance in any form f) Create Democracy Fund g)An agreement to wind up the Trusteeship Council.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS : India and UN Reforms

1. On Various India has been supporting UN restructuring, India believe that in changing the world  UN must be made Powerful and strengthen.
2. India supports UN for enhancing the role of International Organisations in promoting  development and co-operation among the member states
3. India believes that UN central agenda should be the maintenance of International peace and security.
4. India demands the restructuring of Security Council by expansion, more representation of states will greater  support in the world Community.

India is 2nd largest populus country having 1/5 of world population is the largest democracy in world , India peace keeping efforts is substantial , It is one of  great emerging Economy on the world stage, regular financial Contribution to UN these are the factors for which India claims for permanent seat in Security council in UN.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS : UN Agencies

UNESCO (United Nation Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organisation ) 

1. Established 4th November 1946 , Headquarter : Paris (France) Aim: Promote Education, Natural Science, Society, anthropology, culture and Communication.

Contributing Peace and Security in the world by promoting the collaboration among state in field of education, science, culture and Education

UNICEF ( United Nation International Children’s Emergency Fund)

1.Created by UN General Assembly during First Session in 1946 to help children  in post war

2.It aims to protect the children of Developing Countries in respect to their survival, health and education so in 1950 this programme was set up by UN.

3.It gives the finical Support for training the personnel regarding health, Sanitation Works, teachers and Nutritionists.
The main goal of UNICEF was Universal Child Immunization against preventable diseases by 1990

WHO (World Health Organisation )

1. Specialised agency for Health . Established on 7th April 1948 when 26 members of UN notified it’s Constitution. Headquarter Geneva ( Switzerland)
2. World Health Day is 7th April . Aim : i) To attain the highest possible level of health for all people of world ii)Raise awarenss of extent of illness ,suffering and death among mother and children .iii) Impact on social and economic development due to bad health.

3,It helps the developing countries to improve their health System by building up infrastructure especially manpower, institution and services for individual and community and gives important drugs needed for medical care.

WHO launched a programme to immunise children from Six major diseases such as Measles, Diptheria, Tetanus,< Polio and Whooping Cough.

ILO ( INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORANISATION)

1. It was founded in 1919 , is the constitutional part of  Treaty of Versailles and became the specialised agency of UN in 1946 .
2. It is “Tripartite” UN agency. It brings Government, Employers, Workers to jointly shape policies and programmes which are directed at solving  Social and labor issues.
3. Adoption of International Labor Standard in the form of conventions and recommendations.

4.It give assistance to member state in solving Socia; and Labor problems.

IMF ( INTERNATIONAL MONETRY FUND)

1.It is the International Organisation is the financial institutions and regulations that act at the international level .

2.It has 189 members countries ( on  12th April 2016)  . The G-7 members US 16.7%, Japan 6.15%, Germany 5.32% , France 4.03%,UK 4.03%, Italy 3.02% ,Canada  2.2% have 41.29% of votes China 6.09% ,India 2.64% , Russia 2.59% Brazil 2.2% and Saudi Arab 2.02% are the major member.

World Bank 

Created during World War II in 1944, focused on economy of developing countries, it works  for human development in agriculture and irrigation, human development regarding education and health  as well as environmental protection

It provides loan to member countries in the field mention so it highly influence on the economy of developing countries

It  is criticized for forcefully setting the economic agenda for developing countries and forcing them for free marking reforms.

WTO (WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION) is International Organisations

It sets rules for Global Trade ,established in1995 as a successor of General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT) created after World War Ii  by 29 th July 2016 there were 164 members.

All major economic decision are taken by it to fulfill the interest of economic power counties such as  US, Japan EU

The Developing Countries often complaints that their economic interest are mostly ignored and push around the big powers

IAEA (INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY)

It was established in 1957  under the proposal of” Atoms for Peace” given by US President Dwight  Eisenhower

It seeks the use of atomic energy for peace only not for military use for this, this International Organisation inspect nuclear facilities all over the world to ensure that civilian reactors are not being used for military aim.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS with Principal Organs OF UN

The UN has Six main Organs

a) GENERAL ASSEMBLY :  Headquarter New York US

Main deliberative organ of UN, Composed  of representatives from all member states with right of one Vote.

Plays important role in the process of standard setting and codification of International Law.

The assembly meets from September to December for main part and January to September for resumed part if required .

The Assembly has power to make recommendation to the states on international issues as per their competence or for peaceful settlement of any situation that affects the friendly relation among the countries., t he general principles of co-operation for maintaining international peace, security and disarmament.

Consider and approve the UN Budget and establish the financial assessment of member states, Elect the non -permanent member of the Security Council and member of other councils of UN,

It also appoint the Secretary General on the recommendation of Security Council.

b) SECURITY COUNCL : Headquarter New York US

The Primary responsibilities of he council is the international peace and security.

It has 15 members in all among which 5 are permanent which has veto power  other 10 member are non permanent member elected  by General Assembly for te period of 2 years.

Under the Charter all member states are bound to obey the decision of the council.

The Security Council determines to threat  to peace or act of aggression and it’s  maintain the international peace and security accordance to the principle of UN .

It  investigate any dispute/ situation which may lead to international problems, recommend that what action should be taken .

It also formulate the plans for the establishment of a system  to regulate armaments.

C) SECURITY COUNCIL AND EXPANSION :

After the Cold War , Various reforms in the UN took place  regarding the functioning of security council which had been the demand of the member states and US and other Western Countries  demanded the improvement in US Budgetary procedures and administrations.

Member Countries demanded the increase in the number of permanent members as well as. the non permanent members of the Security Council. The proposal has come from Asia, Africa < South America,

The main aim that the realties of Contemporary World Politics must Reflect on the stage of UN.

d) ECOSCO ( ECONOMIC and SOCIAL COUNCIL ) established in 1945 HQ NY

It is the place where international economic, social, environmental problems of the world are discussed ,debated and policy are recommended

On 27th July 2020  Munir Akram was elected 76th president of Council. and have 54 members. The aim of the council is to promote the standard of living, full employment, economic and social progress and international cultural  and educational co-operation .

e) TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL : Headquarter New York

It was established to provide  international supervision for 11 trust territories and make sure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the territories for self government and independence

It was suspended on 1st November 1994 with independence of Palau the last UN trust Territory.

It is authorized to examine and discuss the reports from Administrating Authority  on political, economic, Social and educational of the peoples of  Trust Territories

f) SECRETARIAT Headquarter New York 

It carries out day to day work of UN as mandated by General Assembly. The Secretary General is the head of Secretariat  who is appointed by general Assembly on the recommendation of Security Council for five year renewable.

It gather and prepare the background information on various issues so the Government delegates can study the facts and make recommendations., it carry out the decisions made by different organs of the UN and also organises the International conference.

g) INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE Headquarter The Hague (Netherland) Established June I945

Principal Judicial Organ of UN farmed with the aim of settling legal disputes between the states on the basis of International Law. It gives the advisory opinion on legal questions It gives advice to UN and it’s agencies.

If states  agree to participate in the proceedings so it  obligated to comply with decisions

It composed of 15 judges  for 9year term elected by UN General Assembly and Security Council

h) AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL : Headquarter London  Established 28 May 1961

It is an NGO for the protection of HUMAN RIGHTS all over the world .  Promotes respects for Human Rights.in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights .

It believes that Human Rights are independence and indivisible and also publish the reports. The Government are not happy with the reports because the major focus is on misconduct of the Government authorities plays important role in research and advocacy on human rights.

HUMAN RIGHT WATCH: Established 1978 Headquarter  New York .

International NGO  in research and advocacy of Human Rights  , the largest organization in US draw the media of global attention in this respect about the abuses

It helped in building the international Coalitions  such ban landmines, to stop the child soldiers and establish  International Criminal Court

International Oganisations : Important questions

1. Which of the following not the organ of UN a) General Assembly b)Security Council c)WHO
2. Which of the following organisations works to prevent International Conflicts ? a)UN Human Rights Commission  b)ASEAN c)Security council
3. The Main objective of UN is  to ——–
4. What are the basis of India to Claim for permanent membership in UN Security Council a)Nuclear Capability c)Located in Asia c) Large Population and Big Economy and made financial contribution and always faltered the payments.
5.  ————- means the progress that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the need of the future
6. Given the Contemporary realities of the world , How can UN play an important role a)By being more assertive about the human rights  violations and calling for change b)By letting the regional powers take change
7. Which of the following is concerned with safe and peaceful use of nuclear power  under UN System a)UN International Safe Guard Commission b)Security Council c) International Atomic Energy Agency. 
8. Which situation was termed by US President Gorge Bush as New World Order a) The UN gave permission for Operation Desert Strom b)  Permission For Iraqi Freedom c) averted Cuba Missile Crisis
9. In Which of the following the International Organisations help a)To establish better living conditions in demoractic Countries b)In matter of Peace and War c) To prevent violation of Human Rights d) Resolve the territorial disputes
10. What is Amnesty International ?
11. What does logo of UN symbolizes ?
12. What is the main Function Of UNICEF ?
13. UN established in year ———-
14. In Which aeras does UNESCO works ?
15. What are the aims of ILO ?
16. Which of the following statements are the true about the steps to be taken to make UN more relevant as recommended by the heads of all member states who met in September 2005 to celebrate the 60th anniversary of UN ? a) Creation of Peace Building Commission b)Creation Of Democracy Fund c)Making War zones d) Condemnation of Terrorism in all forms
17. Which of the following Organ of UN has been suspended since 1994 a) General Assembly b) Trusteeship c) Secretariat
18. Which of the International Organistions sets the rule of Global Trade ?
19. Suggest any one measure that should be taken to make WTO more acceptable for developing Countries ?
20. As a permanent member of UN security Council which special do they enjoy ?
21. UN was the successor of which International Organisations ?
22. Who is the Present General Secretary of UN : ANTONIO GUTERRES ( former PM of Portugal )  Succeeded after BAN KI MOON (2007-16)
23. What is the Highest Functionary of the UN called ? SECURITY COUNCIL OF UN
24. How Many members of Un at Present and at the time when UN was established ? At present 194 last member Palestine(2012), 51 member at the time of establishment ,193rd member is South Sudan (2011)
25. What is meant by the statement ” The United Nation was not created to take humanity to heaven but to save it from hell” Dug Hammarskjold
26. Name the International Organisations /agency relating to Environmental Programme?