Contemporary Centres of Power

Contemporary Centres of Power

Contemporary Centres of Power is the Chapter of Political Science of Class xii CBSE consist of short points to remember along with important previous year hint points .

 

Contemporary Centres of Power:

1. After the II world in 1945 there was confusion among many European Countries and their leaders about the status of Europe. Europe was at the edge of being shattered.
2. In 1945 most of the European Countries economy was ruined along with the destruction that took place during the war.
3. There was also the problem about the structure on which Europe were to be founded . The Cold war increased the integration of Europe .
4. The US took the responsibility to revive the Economy of European Countries by introducing MARSHALL PLAN in1948.
5. Under Marshall Plan Organisation For European Economic Co operation(OEEC)  was established in 1948
6. It became the a forum where western European Countries began to Co operate each other in trade and economic matters .The political Co operation also started in 1949 in the Council of Europe.
7. In 1957 European Economic Community was established due to economic integration of European Capitalist Countries . They acquired the political dimension as the European Parliament was formed in 19 March 1958
8. As the collapse of Soviet bloc in December 1991 took place The European Union was established on 1 November 1993.
9. The European Union was the group of European Capitalist Countries with common foreign and Security policy, co operation on Justice and home affairs along with single currency and also have it’s own flag , anthem .
10. EU  is the 2nd largest economy with GDP of$ 33 trillion US in 2022 after USA. The trade Of EU is much larger than USA.
11. EU  being the largest Economy  influence the closest and neighbour Countries of Asia and Africa.
12. The two countries of EU i.e, Britain and France hold the permanent seat in UN Security Council and others are non permanent member in UNSC so they influence the US policies about Iran Nuclear Programmes, 
13. They also interfere in many diplomatic issues , economic investment ,dialogue with China on Human Rights, Environmental Problems.
14. The EU’s combined armed forces are the 2nd largest in the world by spending 2nd after USA .
15. Britain and France also have more than 550 nuclear arsenals and one of the most important source Space and communication technology.
16. Britain was in favour of US invasion to Iran but other members like France , Germany opposed the action. This sets the limit of EU in matter of Foreign relations and defense.
17. Margaret Thatcher ,the PM of UK kept UK out of European Market.
18. The Maastricht Treaty ( Treaty on European Union )(TEU)  was signed in Maastricht Netherland on February 7th 1992 with in 12 countries. It enforced from 1st November 1993.

19. Countries were Belgum, Demark, France ,Germany , Greece, Ireland , Italy , Luxemburg , The Netherlands , Portugal , Spain , and UK. but Denmark and Sweden did not adopt Euro as the currency.

Contemporary Centres of Power:

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)

1. During the period of 2nd world War South East Region of Asia faced lots of problems regarding economic , political as well as  Colonialism and at the end of war the problem of nation building arose.
2. Due to above problems the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) formed on 8th August 1967  among the five Countries of Asia that is Indonesia, Malaysia ,Philippines, Singapore and Thailand  by signing the Bangkok Declaration .
3.  Later on after some years Brunei, Darussalam , Vietnam ,Lao PDR, Myanmar , and Cambodia joined ASEAN.
4.  In 2003 the agreement took place among the countries to uphold peace, neutrality , co operation , non interference and respect for National Differences and Sovereign Rights.
5. The main Objective of ASEAN of  Economic Community is to create  common market and production and develop me the social and economic status of the region . To promote regional peace  and stability  and promote active collaboration and mutual assistance matters on common interest.
6.  ASEAN encourages negotiations over the by the end of i) Cambodian Conflicts ii)East Umar Crisis iii) annual meeting to discuss  co operation among the member countries.
7. In the recent India , 1st January 2010 at Bali, tried  to make agreement with ASEAN by signing the free trade Aera  with two ASEAN member Countries as Singapore and Thailand.
8. India and China gave the attractive proposals for economic   Strength of ASEAN as its economic partners for growing Asian Economies.

9.In 1997 ASEAN adopted the vision by 2020 three pillars as  i)ASEAN Political Security Community ii)ASEAN Economy Community iii)ASEAN Socio-Culture Community.

Contemporary Centres of Power

1. BRICS = Brazil ,Russia , India, China , South Africa are the five emerging economy of the world . The name was coined by Jim o Neil  economist at Goldman Sachs in 2001 publication Building Better Gobal Economics.
2. BRIC was  founded in2006 but renamed as BRICS after joining of South Africa in 2009.
3. The meeting takes place annually. The 12 th Conferences 2020 was concluded in Russia under leadership of Russian President Vladimir Putin.I6 th  BRICS summit took place in Kazan in Russia in month October 2024.
4. In January Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran , Saudi Arabia and UAE joined the BRICS.
5. The headquarter in Shanghai in China. BRICS seek to build an alternative to what they see as dominance of the western viewpoint in major multilateral grouping.
6. They primarily seek to co operate and distribute mutual economic benefits among the member nations and no interference in the internal policies and affair of the member countries.

India can be benefited from the collective strength of BRICS by the way of Consultation and Co operation on Economic issues of mutual issues .India remain engaged with other BRICS on Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).

Contemporary Centres of Power:

1. China became the fastest growing economy since economic reforms of 1978 that over take the US as world Largest Economy by2040.
2. It has been strengthen in population, land-mass , resources ,regional location and political influence .
3. People’s of Republic China got freedom in1949  Under the leadership of MAO , adopted the Soviet Model of Economy by assuring the employments, Social Welfare , education to all and better health care.
4. China started using her resources and develop with the rate of 5-6%  and population with2-3%
5. China ended her political and economic isolation with the major policy decisions taken in 1970
6.  These included i)China – US relations established in 1972 all isolation were finished ii)Premier Zhou Enlai  proposed four Modernizations in Agriculture, Industry, Science and Tecnology in 1973  iii)Deng Xiaogang decleared Open Door policy in1978 iv) Privatisation of Agriculture in 1982 than after privatisatuion of industry.
7. Instead of adopting the Shock Therapy China improve her economy step by step. In China state played an important role in setting up the market economy.
8. The stagnation in the China economy was broken down agriculture and industry grew at faster rate .The new Economic laws and Special Economic Zone(SEZ) helped to raise Foreign trade .
9. It became most important destination for FDI and Foreign Exchange Reserve increased in large extent which encourages China to become investor of other countries. Its accession to WTO in 2001 has opened the doors of outside world.
10. China is now being recognized as great Economic Power due to contributory factors , integration and interdependency have been affected its issues with Japan, US, ASEAN ,Russia ,Tiwan  .It’s investment and aid policy to Latin America and South Africa projecting China as Global Player.