Contemporary South Asia
Contemporary South Asia chapter of Political Science Consist of Important Question and Points to remember for Class 12 CBSE students very for exam time revision
Contemporary South Asia
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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1.Which of the following statement about India and Nepal not correct i)India and Nepal have special treaty related to travel and work in the each other country without Visa ii)India shares River water with Nepal iii)Both the countries have democratic form of government iv) Nepal follow the policies of India .
2. Which Factor is responsible to Pakistan’s Failure in building a stable Democracy i)Dominance of Military ii)Dominance of Clergy iii)Land owning aristocracy iv)All of above.
3. Which of the following Countries had issue related to the migration of Rohingyas i)Nepal ii)Bhutan iii)Myanmar iv)China
4.For how long east and west Pakistan remained as united country ?
5. Which Community dominate the Politics of Sri Lanka ?
6.Write the reason for the aspiration of democracy in South Asia ?
7. Correct the Statement : “A full scale war between India and Bangladesh broke out in November 1971 ” Rewrite the correct statement .
8.Which of the two countries of south Asia Region have trained their democratic tradition since independence ?
9.Who control the North Eastern parts of Sri Lanka ?
10. Whose mediation resolve the Indus River Waters Dispute between India and Pakistan ?
11Justify “The South Asian experience of democracy has expanded the global imagination of democracy .”
12.Suggest the ways to improve the relation between India and Pakistan .What are the problems between them.
14.Name the Four countries that have included in South Asia .
15. Analyse the two Political developments of 1940 that led to the decision for creation of Pakistan .
16.State two reasons of instability in Pakistan ?
17.Before 1971 what was the reason of dispute between East and West Pakistan ?
18 . What was the consequence of Indo – Pak conflict of 1971 ?
19. State common features relevant to the countries of South Asia ?
20. Explain the aera of Co-operation between India and Bangladesh ?
Contemporary South Asia
POINTS TO REMEMBER DURING EXAMS
South Asia : 1.It consist of Bangladesh, Bhutan ,India , Maldives ,Nepal , Pakistan, Sri Lanka
2.They stand for their diversity and consist of geo- political spaces.
3.The mighty Himalayas in the north and the Vast Indian Ocean , the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal in the South , West , and East respectively provide a natural insularity to the region.
4. The boundaries of the region are not clear in the east and west as north and south .
5. Afghanistan and Myanmar are often included in discussion of the region as a whole. China is not considered as the part of the region.
6.Despite the mixed record of democratic experience , the people in these countries share an aspirations for democracy which can be seen from the example of Bangladesh , Nepal , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Maldives.
7. Pakistan began post Cold War period with successive democratic government but suffered a military rule in1999.
8. In Nepal successful uprising led restoration of democracy in 2006.
9.India and Sri Lanka have also operated a democratic system even Maldives, have also strengthened democracy .
Contemporary South Asia
MILITARY RULE IN PAKISTAN:
The Pakistan experienced both the democracy and Military Rule time to time.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the Pakistan Founder the nation state connotationally a democratic republic.
The nation cabinet was led by PM and President as the head of state.
1947 – 1958 Liaquat Ali became the first PM of Pakistan introduced the objectives Resolution in Constituent Assembly .Than started the military era from 1958 -1971 and than 1971 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the PM but was hanged at last than again military era of 1977-1988.
From 1988- 1999 was the third democratic era of Benazir and Nawaz .The democracy returned after the death of Zia Ul Haq Benazir Bhutto Became Pm from 1988-1990 and than after 1993- 1996 but assassinated in 2007.
Nawaz Sharif became the PM 1990-1993 and 1997-1999 and again in 2013-2017 ruled for 9 years , Imran Khan was the country’s 22nd PM , and Shehbaz Sharif is the incumbent PM in Pakistan
.Several Military intervention took place have disrupted Pakistan’s Democracy by General Ayub Khan (1958-1969) , General Yahya Khan (1969-71) than Zia Ul Haq (1977- 1988) General Pervez Musharraf (1999-2008)
US and Western Countries encouraged the military groups more powerful
Contemporary South Asia
DEMOCRACY IN BANGLADESH
From 1947 to 1971 Bangladesh was the part of Pakistan and Known as East Pakistan.
It was formed by migrants from West Pakistan and refused to form the Government by east Pakistan as they won majority of seats in the election.
India intervened and supported the demand of creation of East Pakistan financially and military .
December 1971 Pakistan surrendered with the formation of Bangladesh
The Constitution was drafted with the faith of Secularism, Socialism and Democracy.
In 1975 Sheikh Mujibur Rehman became the first President but assassinated in military uprising.
Military Ruler Ziaur Rahman formed the Bangladesh National Party won the election in 1979 but assassinated after that Gen H.M. Ershad came in power.
Uprising for democracy took place Gen Ershad allowed the political activities and later on elected as the President of Bangladesh.
Based on the multi-party political system.
Tajuddin Ahmed became the first PM of Bangladesh , Sheikh Mujibur Rehman in1973 ,Khleda Zia ruled1991-1996 than to 2001. Sheikh Hasina became PM In 1996, 2008, 2014, 2018 and 2024.
Contemporary South Asia
MONARCHY DEMOCRACY IN NEPAL
It was the Hindu Kingdom and in the modern period it became Constitutional Monarchy.
There was struggle for restoration of Democracy that began in 1990 and in 2007 at this time the king restored house of representative.
The Maoist of Nepal were successful in spreading their influence in many pars of the country during 1990.
The Political Parties and common people wanted to establish democracy but in 2002 the King retained the full control with the help of army and restricted the expansion of Democracy.
In2006 after the assassination of the Nepalese Royal family and widespread protest against King Gyanendra’s oppressive rule
In 2008 Nepal became the democratic Republic after abolishing of Monarchy. New Constitution was adopted in 2015
In 2022, the parliament has two chambers. The house of representative has 275 members elected for 5 years in single seat constituencies. The National Council has 59 members 8 from each state remaining from the private concern of the Government
Contemporary South Asia
ETHNIC CONFLICT AND DEMOCRACY IN SRI LANKA
Sri Lanka ( previously known as Ceylon) got Independence in 1948 and maintained democracy.
Sinhalese people were the major ethnic group and dominated the politics of the state.
Sinhalese are about 74.9% , Sri Lakan Tamils 11.2% , Sri Lankan Moors 9.2% and Indian Tamils are 4.2% others .5%
According to Sinhalese Tamils were migrated from India to settle there ,as they were outsiders so no concessions be given to them. Tamils have always being neglected.
The neglection of Tamils concerns and interest gave rise in militant Tamil Nationalist
The militant organization “Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ” (LTTE) was established in1983 and struggle with Sri Lanka army and started demanding the separate state for Tamils. It remain active majorly in North East of Sri Lanka
Time to time Indian Government tried to negotiate with Sri Lanka Government for protecting the interest of Tamils.
In 1987 the accord was signed between Sri Lankan Government and Tamils to restored peace and Indian Peace Keeping Force were deployed in Sri Lanka (1987-1990).
In 1987-89 JVP revolt took arm revolt in Sri Lanka, in 1994 PM Chandrika Kumaratunga was elected as President.
Sri Lanka got the considerable economic growth recorded high level of Human Development despite of on going conflicts.
It had highest per capita GDP for many years.
It is one of the first developing countries to control the population growth and liberalize the economy.
The Socio-Economic Crisis since 2019 that turned into severe in 2022 is the main humanitarian needs in Sri Lanka , more than 7 million people were in humanitarian needs which turned into crisis
ANURA KUMAR DISSANAYAKE was elected as President of Sri Lanka in September 2024
Contemporary South Asia
MALDIVES
In 1965 Maldives attained freedom from British and in 1968 a new republic was inaugurated and the Sultanate abolished.
Ibrahim Nasar was the country’s first president was succeeded in 1978 by Maumoon Abdul Gayoom , who was re-elected to his sixth consecutive term in 2003.
Maldives became a number of the Commonwealth in in 1982.
In 2008 new Constitution was adopted that established greater governmental checks and balances strengthened the powers the powers of the legislature and judiciary and allowed women to run for presidency.
In October 2008 , former political prisoner Mohamed Nasheed was elected President , thus ending Gayoom’s 30 years in office.
Contemporary South Asia
CONFLICTS AND EFFORTS FOR PEACE IN SOUTH ASIA
After the end od Cold War the Conflicts and tensions between the countries have not been reduced they were as it were. There were some important international conflicts.
INDIA CONFLICTS :
Contemporary South Asia
a) With PAKISTAN :
Both the countries are involved in the international conflicts the major conflict over KASHMIR .
Four wars have been fought between them first in 1947-48 second in 1965 third in 1971 fourth Kargil battle in1999 but dispute remain unsettled.
The War of 1947-48and 1965 led to the division of the province of Pakistan occupied Kashmir and the province of Jammu and Kashmir divide by the line of control. 1971 War also matter of Kashmir remained unsettled.
Strategic issues conflicts such as Control over Siachen Glacier and Arm acquisition.
In 1998 India conducted the Nuclear Explosion at Pokhran and Pakistan in Chagai Hills after this they have built military relationship .
Both the countries have no agreement over the demarcation of Line of Sir Creek in Rann of Kutch still the dispute over the usage of resources,
Efforts towards Peace
Confidence building measures has been signed to reduce the tension in terms of security, Social activities and prominent personalities collaboration, Number of bus route have been opened . Samjhauta Express was started in 22 July 1976 to improve the relation among the people of both the countries from Amritsar to Lahore after Shimla Agreement in 1972.
Contemporary South Asia
b)Efforts towards Peace to Bangladesh
Bangladesh is the part of India “Look East Policy” and wanted to link up with South East Nation through Myanmar . Both the countries have been co-operating each other on disaster and environmental management issues. In December 2020 both the countries signed seven agreements i) Co- operation in hydrocarbon sector ii)Agriculture and Textile Sectors iii)Community Development Projects to be carried out by India iv)Trans border Elephant conservation projects,
Contemporary South Asia
c)Relation with Nepal:
India have special relation with Nepal but both the countries have trade related disputes . Nepal and China is going with friendly relation which is not acceptable by Indian Government . as Nepal is not taking any action against anti Indian elements.
Indian Security agencies have shown deep concern against Maoist Movement in Nepal this give rise to Naxalism in Bihar and Andhra Pradesh .
The Nepal Government and Citizens says that Indian Government unnecessarily interfere the internal matters of the Country. It prevent the landlocked country from getting access to sea through Indian territory.
Efforts towards Peace : India and Nepal relation are quite fair and stable despite of difference ,trade, scientific , Co-operation , Common natural resources, electricity generation, interlocking water management grids hold the two countries together .
South Asia’s first cross border petroleum products pipeline, constructed and funded by Indian Oil Ltd. Connecting the Motahari in India Amlekhgunj in Nepal was remotely which was inaugurated by two PM on 10th September 2019
Contemporary South Asia
d)Relation With Sri Lanka : The Government of Sri Lanka had Ethnic issue with India . Indian leader could not remain neutral when the Tamils are politically unhappy are being killed .
After the military invention of 1987 by IPKF , the Indian Government has developed a policy of disengagement with Sri Lanka’s internal troubles.
Efforts towards Peace : There are steps and policies which have further strengthened ties between the two countries. Political relations have been taken by high level exchanges. In June 2019 the first overseas visit of Indian PM to Sri Lanka created special relation.
Free Trade Agreement and post tsunami reconstruction in Sri Lankan with India and became the largest trading partner in SAARC.
Contemporary South Asia
e)Relation With Maldives : India had good with the island . On the request of the Government India supported Maldives when Tamils Sri Lankan soldiers attacked Maldives, Indian Air Force and Navy quickly reacted against the action. India contributed greatly in economic development . tourism, and fisheries.
Efforts towards Peace : April 2016 Comprehensive Action Plan for Defense was signed between both the countries.
$ 800 million Line of Credit Agreement in March 2019 was signed between them so that Maldives to achieve the sustainable social and economic development