toppershome.online

TOPPER'S HOME

Menu

India External Relations

Leave a Comment / By /

India External Relations

India External Relations is the Chapter  of Political science of class 12 CBSE covering the complete syllabus relating to the Chapter India External Relations with last years important question benefical to the students appearing the board exam and other competition

India External relations

India External Relations

Interantional Context of India External Relations: 

India got freedom in very  challenging context of international affairs, British India left India with many International Disputes.  Pressure of Partition, Poverty were to be fulfilled , after the world war India decided to formulate the foreign policy with the goal to respect the sovereignty of all Nations .The Policy of Non Alignment to reduce the cold war .

Policy Of Non Alignment in India External Relations

The Policy of Non-Alignment was a cornerstone of India’s foreign policy after independence in 1947, especially during the Cold War period.

The Non-Alignment Policy means not aligning with or joining any major power blocs, particularly the USA-led Western bloc or the USSR-led Eastern bloc during the Cold War. Instead, it emphasized independent and neutral decision-making in international affairs.

 Features of India’s Non-Alignment Policy

India maintained independence in foreign policy and India External Relations decisions without external pressure. Promoted friendly relations with all countries, regardless of their political ideologies Supported decolonization and the sovereignty of newly independent nation .Gave priority to economic development and poverty eradication rather than military alliances .India advocated disarmament and peaceful resolution of conflicts.

Formation of NAM (Non-Aligned Movement)

India External Relations, under Jawaharlal Nehru, played a leading role in the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961  with Yugoslavia (Tito), Egypt (Nasser), Indonesia (Sukarno), and Ghana (Nkrumah), Nehru is considered one of the founding leaders.The first NAM summit was held in Belgrade.

Principles of Indian Foreign Policy in India External Relations

India’s foreign policy  and India External Relations are based on a set of core principles that guide its relations with other nations. These principles were laid down by Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, and are rooted in the ideals of peace, sovereignty, and mutual respect with  the protection of territorial integrity and rapid economic growth and would refuse to join any military bloc during the Cold War .India has always supported freedom movements across Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Panchsheel, It means “Five Principles,” was the main component of Jawaharlal Nehru’s foreign policy. It was jointly formulated by India and China in 1954 to promote peaceful coexistence and mutual respect in international relations.

Signed on 29 April 1954 between India and China as part of the agreement on trade and intercourse with Tibet. These principles were later adopted by many countries and became the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement.

The Five Principles of Panchsheel as India External Relations

a)Mutual Respect for Each Other’s Territorial Integrity and Sovereignty
 b)No country should attack or threaten another.

c)Mutual Non-Interference in Each Other’s Internal Affairs
 d)Equality and Mutual Benefit Relationships should be based on fairness and cooperation for shared growth.

e) Countries with different ideologies can live together in peace.

Significance of Panchsheel :Promoted global peace, diplomacy, and non-violence.andReflected India’s neutral and independent foreign policy.

Limitations: China violated these principles during the 1962 India-China War, which led to criticism of the effectiveness of Panchsheel.

Afro-Asian Nation Unity as India External Relations

In the mid-20th century, many countries in Africa and Asia were under colonial rule. After World War II, there was a strong wave of nationalist movements leading to the independence of many Asian and African countries. These nations wanted to unite to fight against imperialism, racism, and exploitation..

Bandung Conference (1955) which was  the major milestone in Afro-Asian unity. which was held in Bandung, Indonesia, and attended by leaders from 29 Asian and African countries to Promote peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, and cooperation. and rejected both Western capitalism and Soviet communism, supporting a non-aligned movement.

Common Goals as India External Relations: Economic cooperation and development. Cultural exchange and solidarity. Fighting against racial discrimination, colonialism, and neo-colonialism. Promoting peace, sovereignty, and independence.

 That led to the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and It encouraged many African countries to gain independence also help to strengthen the South-South cooperation among developing nations.

Peace and Conflict with China in India External Relations :Before the emergence of western power both India and China were the powerful countries in Asia. India began it’s relationship with very friendly manner. India was the fist country to recognise the Communist Government after the Chinese Revolution 1949 and it was strongly supported by Nehru and never even thought that China might attack India and guarded by para-military forces. The Joint declaration of Panchsheel  between Nehru and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai showed the strong relation between both the countries.

Conflict Between India and China : a)Border Disputes: Aksai Chin (in Ladakh): Claimed by India, occupied by China. Arunachal Pradesh (then NEFA): Claimed by China as part of Tibet. b)Tibetan Issue: In 1959, the Dalai Lama fled Tibet after a failed uprising and took refuge in India due to this  relation with  China  worsened  c) India’s Forward Policy: India began setting up military outposts closer to the disputed borders. China saw this as a threat.

 War started  between India and China on 20 October 1962. China attacked from both sides from Western  side it attacked to  Ladakh (Aksai Chin) and occupied it and from eastern side China attacked and occupied NEFA (now Arunachal Pradesh).Indian Army was unprepared because it had Poor infrastructure, lack of weapons and winter gear. Indian Army took assistance from US and Britain to face the crises where as Soviet Union were neutral

Outcome: On 21 November 1962, China declared a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew from NEFA but retained Aksai Chin. The Diplomatic relation  remain unhealthy till 1976. After the change in the China’s Politics in late seventies  the relation between both the countries started improving due to change in Ideology. Since than India China trade has been increasing by 30% and $ 18 billion in 2017.order tensions continue (e.g., Doklam standoff (2017) and Galwan clash (2020)).

Consequences of Chinese Invasion India External Relations :India suffered heavy casualties and loss of territory. Many of Defense  Top Officers and Defense Minister V.K. Menon resigned. Image of Nehru was damaged. Image of Congress was damaged and they lost major by election of Lok Sabha further Congress was split in different parties. National shock and humiliation led Strengthening of India’s military and Reorganization of defense strategy. Closer ties with countries like the USSR and Western nations for defense

India External Relations with Israel

In India External Relation , India officially recognized Israel in 1950, becoming one of the early non-Arab countries ,due to India’s support for the Palestinian cause and close ties with the Arab world, full diplomatic relations were delayed. January 1992, India established full diplomatic relations with Israel and became a major defense supplier to India, providing advanced weapons, surveillance systems, and drones. Regular military training, intelligence sharing, and joint exercises take place. India has emerged as one of the largest buyers of Israeli defense equipment. India-Israel Centers of Excellence for agriculture have been set up across Indian states. Bilateral trade has grown in sectors like diamonds, pharmaceuticals, and information technology. Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu visited India in 2018.Indian External Relation PM Narendra Modi made a historic visit to Israel in 2017 — the first-ever by an Indian Prime Minister.

India and Pakistan Relation  as India External Relations:

 There had been tense relationship between both the countries . The Partition of 1947 between India and Pakistan were created as separate nations after the end of British colonial rule. The partition led to large-scale violence and migration, sowing seeds of mistrust. Another tension was Kashmir Conflict. The primary source of tension has been the region of Jammu and Kashmir, claimed by both countries. They have fought three wars over it (1947, 1965, 1999).

Major Wars 

1947–48 War – First war over Kashmir, ending with a UN-mediated ceasefire and a divided region.1965 War – Another war over Kashmir; ended in a stalemate with the Tashkent Agreement.1971 War – Not about Kashmir; led to the creation of Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan).1999 Kargil War – Pakistani soldiers and militants infiltrated Indian positions in Kargil; India pushed them back.

It  is fact that India and Pakistan had many conflict between them

both nations have made several attempts at peace such as Simla Agreement (1972),Lahore Declaration (1999),Agra Summit (2001) but peace talks have often been disrupted by terrorist attacks (e.g., 2001 Parliament attack, 2008 Mumbai attacks, 2016 Uri attack, 2019 Pulwama attack).

Cross-Border Terrorism

India accuses Pakistan of supporting terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan denies this and calls for international mediation. This remains a major roadblock in normalizing relations.

Kashmir Issue is the most sensitive issues between both the countries .There was no forward movement ties in bilateral ties in 2020 due to mis- trust

People-to-People and Cultural Ties

Despite political tensions, people on both sides often share cultural, linguistic, and familial ties. Films, music, and cricket have served as informal bridges, although these exchanges are sometimes restricted during high tensions. India-Pakistan relations remain fragile. While peace is desired by many on both sides, trust issues, terrorism, and the Kashmir dispute continue to pose serious challenges. Regular dialogue, confidence-building measures, and people-to-people contacts are essential for lasting peace.

Bangladesh War of 1971 

The Bangladesh War of 1971, also known as the India-Pakistan War of 1971, It  created the independent nation of Bangladesh. It was a major conflict  between India and Pakistan, influenced by political, ethnic, and humanitarian crises in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

Pakistan was divided into two parts, West Pakistan (now Pakistan)

East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) separated by over 1,600 km of Indian territory, they were one country.

West Pakistan dominated politics, military, and economy. East Pakistanis (mainly Bengali-speaking) faced neglect and exploitation. In 1970 General Elections Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s Awami League (from East Pakistan) won majority seats.West Pakistan leaders refused to transfer power. There was outbreak of Civil War. In March 1971, the Pakistani army launched Operation Searchlight in East Pakistan and Brutal crackdown on civilians, students, and political leaders. There was widespread killings, rapes, and destruction. Millions of refugees fled to India, especially West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura. This created a humanitarian crisis in India.

 India,  under Prime Minister ship of Indira Gandhi Provided shelter to refugees and gave support to Mukti Bahini (Bangladeshi freedom fighters) finally launched a full-scale war on 3 December 1971 after Pakistan attacked Indian airbases. After 13 days war Indian army, in coordination with Mukti Bahini,Defeated Pakistani forces in the East. Captured Dhaka (capital of East Pakistan).Took 93,000 Pakistani soldiers as prisoners of war.

On 16 December 1971, Pakistan surrendered. Bangladesh was formed as an independent country.

 Bangladesh India External Relations: 

India and Bangladesh  have a strong historical, cultural, and geographical relationship. By the exclusive support of India and The Army of India Bangladesh was formed as Independent state in the globe of world. It has close cultural and linguistic links with India in West Bengal . It shares 4096km border with India. Important rivers as the Ganga  and The Teesta flows between them. India being the largest trade partner along with trade routes , railways  and bus services by road, in many important projects. Both the countries are co operating on counter terrorism and Border management and always do  joint Military exercise . After having goods India External Relations  The Teesta Amm River water dispute is still unresolved and both the countries had signed The Ganga  water Sharing treaty in 1996.After the attack on Hindus in Bangladesh, extradition of Hasina Government still India hope for democratic stable government and our PM Modi met the chief adviser of Bangladesh interim Government Muhammad Yunus for good hope both the leaders met in 6th BIMSTEC SUMMIT in Bangkok as the major step of India External Relation

 Nepal India External Relations :

 Nepal and India Share a 1,770 km long border  and have  a close and multifaceted relationship by deep historical , cultural, religious Hindu and Buddhist traditions, economic, and geographical  ties shows the good bonding of India External Relations. The relationship is built upon shared history, culture   based on open borders, people-to-people contact. Both the countries have long tradition of free movement of people across the border under the Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1950. India being the largest trading partner provide significant assistance in various sectors like infrastructure, education along with cross border connectivity such as railway, power transmission lines and digital Financial water resources , health etc,. India and Nepal have long standing co operation in the field od defense and security . Still than India and Nepal are disagree on Border disputes of Kalapani, Lipulekh and Susta  aeras.

 Sri Lanka and India External Relations :

India and Sri Lanka share complex relationship marked with strong History , Cultura and Economic ties. India is the chief trade partner for Sri Lankan with Merchandise trade . They are also exploring broader FTA and strengthening the rules of Origin through Economic and Technology Co Operation Agreement [ETCA] and  free Trade Agreement in  March 2000. They have strong defense relationship with joint exercise, supply of equipment .India provide significant development aid  for various projects .India is  co operating in Cultural Exchange programs as Bharat Kosh at Colombo. India has played crucial role in supporting Sri Lanka’s debt restructuring efforts by providing fiancial aid. India  was leading source for tourists. Air connectivity from Chennai and Jaffna and ferry services between Nagapattinam  and  Kankesanthurai have been enhanced  India External Relations

 Myanmar India External Relations :

Both  Countries share a long History of Cultural and religious and long land border of 1600 km  and maritime boundary in Bay of Bengal  relationship . India being a pilgrimage site for Burmese Buddhists traditions are playing a significant role .  Myanmar’s location as a bridge between the south and south east Asia and act as a crucial partner in India’s “Act East” policy aiming to enhance  connectivity and Economic integration with the region. India is the largest trading partner and give the assistance in many economic sectors , trade investments and banking and Myanmar is the beneficiary of duty free tariff as least Developed Countries . India has undertaken serval development projects  as Kaladan Multimodal Projects, Trilateral Highway Projects. Both the Countries share long lang border and Free Movement Regime (FMR) is the part of India External Relation. both the countries conduct joint military exercises such as IMBEX  to enhance Co operation and Interoperability

Indian Nuclear Programs :

 In ay 1974. First Nuclear explosion was made by India . Nehru had great faith over the scientist of India in the field of technology for building Modern India rapidly under the guidance of Homi J Bhabh  Nuclear program was set up for development of Industry  but he was strongly against the nuclear weapons that is why he advocated disarmaments in the world . In  October 1964 China conducted the Nuclear test  than the five Nuclear Powers as USA,USSR, UK ,France and China the permanent members of Security Council imposed Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) on the rest of the world , India claimed it as discriminatory move so refused to sign the treaty and wanted to produce atomic energy for peaceful aim. When India conducted First Nuclear Test and called it peace explosion in 1974 and second in 1998 at Pokhran it was the challenge period for domestic politics. During this period high Inflation took place in India due to Arab Isarel War in 1973.During the period of 1962 to 1971 India faced three big wars, different parties came in pow, foreign policy were not playing an important role. Nuclear Policy of India has always been peace oriented with the clear impression “NO FIRST USE”  but the with the view of contemporary regional and national security  the Government of PM Modi may change the policy . India is committed to ensure it’s membership in Nuclear Suppliers Group and opposes treaties like CTBT and NPT is the strong stand of India External Relation.

Follow Us : Facebook

Follow us : Instagram

Read More: Politics of Planned Development

 

 

Leave a Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Scroll to Top