Politics of Planned Development
Politics of Planned Development is the chapter taken from Political science of Class 12 CBSE covering the whole syllabus regarding the chapter along with last years important question which is highly benefical to the students appearing the Board exams and also benefical to the competitive students.
Politics of Planned Development
Political contestation in Politics of Planned Development
is the open competition between different political parties, groups, or individuals over ideas, policies, leadership, and power within a political system. It is most important for healthy democracy.
Main Features of Political Contestation are Multiple Political Parties to compete in elections to gain political powers, Citizens and leaders debate over laws, policies, and governance issues.Political power is contested through elections, without violence in Politics of Planned Development. Opposition parties question and challenge the ruling party to ensure accountability. People can criticize the government without any violence.
The idea of development after independence inPolitics of Planned Development
After India gained independence in 1947, the idea of development was shaped largely by the goals of nation-building, economic self-reliance, and social justice. The independent leaders, like Jawaharlal Nehru, saw the vision of a modern India that would grow through a strong public sector and planned economy
Politics of Planned Development in Economic:
India adopted a system of Five-Year Plans, modeled after the Soviet Union, to guide economic growth .The Planning Commission was established in 1950 to draft and implement these plans.
Industrialization and Modernization was focused on building heavy industries, such as steel, mining, and energy. The aim was to make India self-sufficient and reduce dependence on foreign countries.
In Politics of Planned Development India followed a mixed economy model, combining both public (government-owned) and private enterprises. The public sector was expected to play main role in the development of economy like infrastructure, while the private sectors were encouraged in agriculture and other small industries.
Development was not in economic terms but must also aim to reduce poverty, inequality, and caste discrimination. Land reforms, expansion of education, and employment schemes were introduced to uplift the poor .and socially backward class people
Agriculture was given importance in early plans, with programs for irrigation, land reforms, and the Green Revolution (from the mid-1960s) to increase food production. India tried to reduce dependence on imports by encouraging domestic production of goods by import substitution industrialization (ISI) policies. The idea of development was based on the principles of democracy, secularism, and inclusive growth.
Planning in India of Politics of Planned Development
refers to the systematic and planned development of the economy through centralized policies, programs, and goals. After gaining independence in 1947,It was the process of rebuilding economy was popular in1940 -1950 all over the world . The experience of great depression, war, reconstruction of Japan and Germany remarkable growth and achievements of USSR also gave idea of planning. India faced challenges like poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, and poor infrastructure. To address these issues, the government adopted planned economic development under the leadership of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
The Planning Commission was established in March 1950 by a resolution of the Government of India. First Chairman was Jawaharlal Nehru the first PM of India the main aim to implement Five-Year Plans for economic development in which Assessment the country’s resources were made, national priorities and development targets were set up and allocation of funds to states and sectors (agriculture, industry, health, etc.) were made than after Monitor the progress of development plans in Politics of Planned Development
First Five year plan ( 1951-56) main focus was made on Agriculture and irrigation key features were to increase food production, Dams like Bhakra Nagal Dam, In this plan economist K.N.RAJ focused on poverty alleviation.. In 2nd plan (1956-1961) focused on Industralisation in which Nehru Mahalanobis was adopted along with development of public sector industries. 3rd plan (1961-1966) focus on Self-reliance and key features were f ocus on agriculture and industry, disrupted by wars and drought so the 4th plan did not started in 1966 and government planned to take Plan Holiday in this year.4th Plan(1969–1974)Growth with stability Strengthening public sector, green revolution progress.5th Plan(1974–197)9Poverty removal (Garibi Hatao)Introduced employment schemes.6th Plan(1980–1985)Economic liberalization begins Growth and modernization
The Bombay Plan (1944) in Politics in Planned Development:
The Bombay Plan was a set of proposals for India’s economic development, prepared in 1944 by a group of leading Indian industrialists and economists, even before India independence. It reflected that how Indian business leaders thought India should grow after independence. Proposed by 8 prominent industrialists such as J.R.D. Tata, G.D. Birla, Purshottamdas Thakurdas ,Lala Shri Ram
Second Five-Year Plan ( 1956 -61) in Politics of Planned Development:
It was marked a major turning point in India’s Politics of Planned Development economic development, as it laid the foundation for rapid industrialisation. It was based on the Nehru-Mahalanobis model, which emphasized heavy industries and capital good.
a)Priority was given to industries like steel, coal, cement, machine tools, and engineering which were considered essential for building long-term industrial capacity.
b)The government started developing core industries through public sector enterprises (PSUs).Major PSUs were Bhilai, Rourkela, and Durgapur Steel Plants were established.
- c) The Government must lead industrial growthto ensure balanced development and prevent monopoly by private businesses
- d) India aimed to produce goods domestically by encouraging the growth of indigenous industries.
e)Investment in power, transport, and communication increased to support industrial growth.
f)New industries were set up in backward areas to promote balanced regional development.
In the 2nd Five Year Plan ,Foundation for modern industrial economy was laid in which the production of capital goods like machinery and steel increased.India took her first step towards self reliance
However India had to face high financial burden and dependence on foreign aid and loans that neglected agriculture which led to food shortages and inflation as Infrastructure bottlenecks slowed down industrial efficiency.
National Development Council (NDC) in Politics of Planned Development:
The National Development Council (NDC) was an important institution in India’s planning and development process which helps to create the coordination between the central government, state governments, and the Planning Commission.
It was established in 1952 as advisory body of the Government it includes PM of India as Chairperson, with all union Cabinet ministers, Chief Ministers of States and Union Territories and the member of Planning Commission ( NITI Aayog)
Objectives of the NDC in Politics of Planned Development to approve Five-Year Plans prepared by the Planning Commission, ensure cooperation between the Centre and the States in implementing developmental plans, discuss national development issues like poverty, unemployment, health, and education, Promote balanced and inclusive development across all regions of India, Review the performance of ongoing plans and suggest corrective actions.
Main Functions of NDC that Serve as a bridge for policy between the Centre and States and approve national objectives and priorities for planning.
NITI AAYOG and Politics of Planned Development:
NITI Aayog stands for National Institution for Transforming India. It was established by the Government of India on 1st January 2015, It replaced the Planning Commission, to serve as the policy thinker of the country. The chairperson is the PM of the country.
NITI Aayog is an advisory body that gives technical and strategic advice to the central and state governments was given by the Planning Commission but it does not have the power to allocate funds, only it focuses on formulating long-term policies and programs for India’s development.
Main Objectives of NITI Aayog:
- a) It Promotes Cooperative Federalism by encouraging active participation of states in the economic policy-making process.b) It also develop plans and strategies for sustainable development with help of states and other stakeholders. c) It helps to promote innovation in major sectors through initiatives like Atal Innovation Mission. d) Niti Aayog monitor and evaluate Programs and track the progress of government schemes and suggest improvements if necessary. e)Niti Aayog act as a Think Tank of the government by providing expertise and strategic insights on national and international issues. f) It always focuses on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) g) It also encourages Public-Private Partnerships also promote collaboration between the government and private sector in development projects.
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